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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on preserving ]
[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Dried Flowers ]
[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
Dizzed: 09/94 # of Words: School: ? State: ?
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AGRI-TOPICS
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National Agricultural Library Beltsville, MD 20705
Public Services Division
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DRIED FLOWERS
As evidenced by the discovery of preserved flowers in ancient
Egyptian tombs, people have for centuries engaged in the art of preserving
flowers. Today, a large variety of annuals, biennials and perennials are
successfully preserved. Because properly dried flowers can persist for
years after harvesting, they are often referred to as everlastings or
immortelles.
To ascertain the optimum growing conditions and harvesting time for
a particular species, one should not rely solely on books or articles.
Experienced growers will frequently be the best sources of information. In
general, flowering plants require ample sunlight, good drainage and a
growing season with a minimum of 80 days. Harvesting flowers at the
appropriate time is critical. Flowers which are without blemishes, insects
or diseases should be picked on mornings of low humidity after the dew has
evaporated from the petals.
Several techniques can be utilized to remove moisture from the
collected flowers. The simplest method is to tie a rubber band around a
bunch of flowers after their leaves have been removed, and to hang them
upside down out of direct sunlight in a dry, well-ventilated attic, closet
or garage. Ideally, the drying area should have a temperature between
60<198> and 80<198> F and a humidity rate less than 60%. Another method is
to place the flowers in a container and to cover them with clean, fine
sand, or a mixture of borax and cornmeal, or a nonchlorophyll kitty litter.
These inexpensive substances provide the flowers with support, enabling
them to maintain their shape while they dry naturally.
A more costly method is to use an airtight container and to cover
the flowers with silica gel, a desiccant, which not only provides support
to the flowers but also removes moisture from them. Overall, the more
rapidly flowers dry, the less likely they are to become moldy and the more
vivid their colors remain. The drying process can be further accelerated by
placing the container in a microwave oven or by applying heat. Depending on
the method chosen and the particular plant material being preserved, drying
time may take between one and four weeks.
The uses of preserved flowers are limited only by one's
imagination. They are popular in floral arrangements, wreaths, bouquets,
potpourri and corsages.
(NOTE: Call numbers are given for items owned by NAL.)
BASIC FLOWER DRYING
JOURNAL ARTICLES
----------------
Alden, Janice. 1979. "They are beautiful dried, too." AFRICAN
VIOLET MAGAZINE. 32(4, pt. 1): 16-17. NAL Call No.: 80.AF8
Bennett, Jennifer. 1985. "The dried flowers of Hedgehog Hill."
HORTICULTURE. 63(8): 44-47, 49-51. NAL Call No.: 80.H787
Emerson, William J. 1979. "Drying flowers in a microware
oven." THE PRAIRIE GARDEN. 36: 96-97. NAL Call No.: 80.W73
Loebel, JoAnn Schowalter. 1987. "Flowers for drying:
everlasting perennials." AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. 66(10):
10-13. NAL Call No.: 80.N216
Nau, Jim. 1989. "A flower grower's bibliography: basic
references." GATHERINGS: THE CUT FLOWER QUARTERLY. 1(1):2-3.
O'Neil, Sunny. 1988. "An exciting new way to dry flowers."
FLOWERLETTER. 5(3): 1-2.
"Onions that produce flowers, beautiful to bizarre, fresh or
dried." 1987. SUNSET (CENTRAL WEST EDITION). 179(5): 233.
NAL Call No.: 110.SU7
Petersons, Hedviga V. 1981. "Drying and preserving flowers."
FACTSHEET. ONTARIO MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD. No.
81-016. NAL Call No.: S155.A105
Proulx, E. A. 1984. "Dried and true." HORTICULTURE. 62(8):
24-28, 30. NAL Call No.: 80.H787
Reilly, Ann. 1984. "Plan/plant now for your dried flowers."
FLOWER AND GARDEN. 28(2): 26-28. NAL Call No.: SB403.F5
Russell, A. Brooke. 1987. "How-to hints for July gardeners:
dried florals capture summer's glory." AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST.
66(7): 8, 10-11. NAL Call No.: 80.N216
Sheffield, Richard R. 1980. "Plant everlastings for year-round
enjoyment." ORGANIC GARDENING. 27(1): 186-188. NAL Call No.:
57.8.OR32
Swan, Joyce. 1988. "Everlastings: flowers that keep on
giving." FLOWER AND GARDEN. 32(3): 38-39. NAL Call No.:
SB403.F5
BOOKS
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COMMERCIAL FIELD PRODUCTION OF CUT AND DRIED FLOWERS: A
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM. Sponsored by The Center for Alternative
Crops and Products, University of Minnesota and The American
Society of Horticultural Science, December 6-8, 1988.
[Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota?, 1988?]. NAL Call
No.: SB442.85.C6
Conder, Susan. DRIED FLOWERS: DRYING AND ARRANGING. Boston:
David R. Godine, 1988. (ISBN 0-87923-719-8).
Condon, Geneal. THE COMPLETE BOOK OF FLOWER PRESERVATION.
Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1982. (ISBN 0-87108-618-2). [Out of
Print]
Embertson, Jane. PODS: WILDFLOWERS AND WEEDS IN THEIR FINAL
BEAUTY; GREAT LAKES REGION, NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND
ADJACENT CANADA AND AREAS WHERE FROST AND FREEZE ARE COMMON.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1979. (ISBN 0-684-155442-7).
NAL Call No.: QK660.E53
Floyd, Harriet. PLANT IT NOW, DRY IT LATER. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1973. (ISBN 0-07-021387-9). NAL Call No.:
SB449.3.D7F5 [Out of Print]
Foster, Maureen. PRESERVED FLOWERS: PRACTICAL METHODS AND
CREATIVE USES. London: Pelham Books, 1973. (ISBN
0-72070-536-3). NAL Call No.: SB447.F67. [Out of Print]
Hillier, Malcolm. THE BOOK OF DRIED FLOWERS: A COMPLETE GUIDE
TO GROWING, DRYING AND ARRANGING. New York: Simon & Schuster,
1986. (ISBN 0-671-61939-X).
Godwin, Buck Godwin. ALBERTA SUPERNATURALS. Olds, Alberta:
Olds College Bookstore, 1987.
Joosten, Titia. FLOWER DRYING WITH A MICROWARE: TECHNIQUES AND
PROJECTS. Asheville, NC: Lark Books, 1988. (ISBN
0-937274-48-8). NAL Call No.: SB447.J6613 1988
Karel, Leonard. DRIED FLOWERS FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT: A
HISTORY AND PRACTICAL GUIDE TO FLOWER DRYING. Metuchen, NJ:
Scarecrow Press, 1973. (ISBN 0-8108-0512-X). NAL Call No.:
SB447.K29
Lindgren, Linda Lee. DECORATIONS FROM NATURE: GROWING,
PRESERVING & ARRANGING NATURALS. Radnor, PA: Chilton Book
Company, 1986. (ISBN 0-8019-7696-0). NAL Call No.: TT157.L5
Mann, Pauline. FLOWERS THAT LAST: ARRANGING DRIED AND
PRESERVED PLANTS & FLOWERS. London: B.T. Batsford, 1984.
(ISBN 0-7134-3842-8). NAL Call No.: SB449.3.D7M3
Maurice, Grizelda. A FLOWER ARRANGER'S GARDEN. London: B.T.
Batsford, 1988. (ISBN 0-7134-5373-7). NAL Call No.:
SB449.M358
Mierhof, Annette. THE DRIED FLOWER BOOK: GROWING, PICKING,
DRYING, ARRANGING. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1981. (ISBN
0-525-09573-X; 0-525-47700-4; 0-525-48239-3). NAL Call No.:
SB447.M5313 1981
Ohrbach, Barbara Milo. THE SCENTED ROOM: CHERCHEZ'S BOOK OF
DRIED FLOWERS, FRAGRANCE, AND POTPOURRI. New York: Clarkson N.
Potter, Inc., 1986. (ISBN 0-517-56081-X). NAL Call No.:
TT899.4.O47 1986
Olson, Beverly and Judy Lazzara. COUNTRY FLOWER DRYING. New
York: Sterling Publishing, 1988. (ISBN 0-8069-6746-3).
Penzner, Diana with Mary Forsell. EVERLASTING DESIGN: MORE
IDEAS AND TECHNIQUES FOR DRIED FLOWERS. New York: Facts on
File, 1987. (ISBN 0-8160-1415-9).
Petelin, Carol. THE CREATIVE GUIDE TO DRIED FLOWERS. New York:
Viking, 1989. (ISBN 0-86350-193-1).
Rogers, Barbara Radcliffe. THE ENCYLOPAEDIA OF EVERLASTINGS:
THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO GROWING, PRESERVING, AND ARRANGING DRIED
FLOWERS. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988. (ISBN
1-55584-133-3). NAL Call No.: SB449.3.D7R63 1988
Silber, Mark. THE COMPLETE BOOK OF EVERLASTINGS: GROWING,
DRYING, AND DESIGNING WITH DRIED FLOWERS. New York: Knopf,
1988. (ISBN 0-394-54677-6).
Thorpe, Patricia. EVERLASTINGS: THE COMPLETE BOOK OF DRIED
FLOWERS. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 1985. (ISBN
0-8160-1110-9). NAL Call No.: SB449.3.D7T48
Whitlock, Sarah and Martha Rankin. DRIED FLOWERS: HOW TO
PREPARE THEM. New York: Dover Publication, 1975. (ISBN
0-486-21802-3). NAL Call No.: SB447.W45 1975
Wiita, Betty Smith. DRIED FLOWERS FOR ALL SEASONS. New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982. (ISBN 0-4422-4559-9).
DRIED COMMERCIAL FLOWER PRODUCTION
BOOKS
-----
Anderson, Gary A. FLORAL DESIGN AND MARKETING. Columbus, OH:
Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Education Curriculum
Materials Service, 1988.
Ball, Vic, editor. BALL RED BOOK: GREENHOUSE GROWING. 14th ed.
Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., l985. (ISBN 0-8359-0382-6).
NAL Call No.: SB405.B25 1985
Boodley, James W. THE COMMERCIAL GREENHOUSE HANDBOOK. New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., l981. (ISBN 0-442-23146-6). NAL Call
No.: SB415.B66
CORNELL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE CROPS. Part
1: Cultural practices and production programs (9/88). Part 2:
Pest control--diseases, insects, and weeds (1987 is being
revised). Ithaca: New York State College of Agriculture & Life
Sciences.
Goodrich, Dana C., Jr. FLORAL MARKETING. New York:
Lebhar-Friedman Books, l980. (ISBN 0-912016-92-2). NAL Call
No.: SB443.G65
Ingels, Jack E. ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE: PRINCIPLES AND
PRACTICES. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers, Inc., 1985. (ISBN
0-8273-1943-6). NAL Call No.: SB404.9.I54
Jozwik, Francis X. PLANTS FOR PROFIT: A COMPLETE GUIDE TO
GROWING AND SELLING GREENHOUSE CROPS. Mills, NY: Andmar Press,
1984. (ISBN 0-916781-00-3). NAL Call No.: SB415.J69
Larson, Roy A., editor. INTRODUCTION TO FLORICULTURE. New
York: Academic Press, 1980. (ISBN 0-12-437650-9). NAL Call
No.: SB405.I55
Laurie, Alex, D.C. Kiplinger, and Kennard S. Nelson. COMMERCIAL
FLOWER FORCING: THE FUNDAMENTALS AND THEIR PRACTICAL APPLICATION
TO THE CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE CROPS. 8th ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1979. (ISBN 0-07-036633-0). NAL Call No.:
SB415.L3 1979
McDaniel, Gary L. ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE. 2nd ed. Reston,
VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1982. (ISBN 0-8359-5348-3). NAL
Call No.: SB404.9.M33 1982
Nau, Jim. BALL CULTURE GUIDE. Chicago: Ball Seed Company,
1989.
Nelson, Kennard S. FLOWER AND PLANT PRODUCTION IN THE
GREENHOUSE. 3rd ed. Danville, IL: Interstate Printers &
Publishers, 1978. (ISBN 0-8134-1965-4). NAL Call No.: SB415.N4
1978
Nelson, Kennard S. GREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT FOR FLOWER AND PLANT
PRODUCTION. 2nd ed. Danville, IL: Interstate Printers &
Publishers, 1980. (ISBN 0-8134-2070-9). NAL Call No.:
SB415.N43 1980
Nelson, Paul V. GREENHOUSE OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT. 3rd ed.
Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1985. (ISBN 0-8359-2583-8).
NAL Call No.: SB415.N44 1985
Post, Kenneth. FLORIST CROP PRODUCTION AND MARKETING. NY:
Orange Judd Publishing, 1949. NAL Call No.: 96.04.P84 [Out of
Print]
Reilly, Ann. PARK'S SUCCESS WITH SEEDS. Greenwood, SC: George
W. Park Seed Company, 1978. NAL Call No.: SB117.R46
Salinger, John P. COMMERCIAL FLOWER GROWING. Wellington, New
Zealand: Butterworths Horticultural Books, 1985. (ISBN
0-409-70150-5). NAL Call No.: SB406.S34
Strider, David L. DISEASES OF FLORAL CROPS. 2 vols. New York:
Praeger Publishers, 1985. (ISBN 0-03-002929-5). NAL Call No.:
SB608.07.D57
Westcott, Cynthia. WESTCOTT'S PLANT DISEASE HANDBOOK. 4th ed.
Revised by Kenneth Horst. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1979. (ISBN 0-442-23543-7). NAL Call No.: SB731.W46 1979
Whitmore, Susan C. and Henry Gilbert. "Floricultural marketing,
1979-1988." QUICK BIBLIOGRAPHY series no. QB89-69. Beltsville,
MD: National Agricultural Library, 1988. NAL Call No.:
aZ5071.N3
Whitmore, Susan C. and Henry Gilbert. MARKETING OF
FLORICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES: AN ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY. BIBLIOGRAPHIES & LITERATURE OF AGRICULTURE series
no. 66. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, l989. NAL
Call No.: aZ5076.A1U54
JOURNALS
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BULLETIN. PENNSYLVANIA FLOWER GROWERS. Pennsylvania Flower
Growers, 12 Cavalier Drive, Ambler, PA 19002. (215) 646-7550.
8x/yr. (ISSN 0031-448x). NAL Call No.: 80.P382
FLORAL AND NURSERY TIMES. P.O. Box 699, 629 Green Bay,
Wilmette, IL 60091. (312) 256-8777. Twice monthly.
FLORAL MARKETING DIRECTORY AND BUYER'S GUIDE. Floral Marketing
Division of the Produce Marketing Association, 1500 Casho Mill
Road, P.O. Box 6036, Newark, DE 19714-6036. (302) 738-7100.
Annual. NAL Call No.: SB404.U6F6
FLORIST. Florists' Transworld Delivery Association, 29200
Northwestern Highway, P.O. Box 2227, Southfield, MI 48037.
(313) 355-9300. Monthly. (August issue: FLORIST BUYERS'
DIRECTORY). (ISSN 0015-4385). NAL Call No.: SB403.F6
FLORISTS' REVIEW. Florists' Review Enterprises, Inc., Suite
105, 2231 Wanamaker, P.O. Box 4368, Topeka, KS 66614. (913)
273-1734. Monthly. (ISSN 0015-4423). NAL Call No.: 80.W41
FLOWER NEWS. Cenflo, Inc., 549 West Randolph Street, Chicago, IL
60606. (312) 236-8648 or (800) 732-4581. Weekly. (ISSN
0015-4490). NAL Call No.: SB443.3.F6
FLOWERS &. Teleflora Inc., Teleflora Plaza, Suite 260, 12233
West Olympic Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90064. (213) 826-5253.
Monthly. (July issue: Buyers' Guide). (ISSN 0199-4751). NAL
Call No.: SB442.8.F56
GREENHOUSE GROWER. Meister Publishing Co., 37841 Euclid Avenue,
Willoughby, OH 44094. (216) 942-2000. Monthly. (ISSN
0745-7324). NAL Call No.: SB415.G742
GREENHOUSE MANAGER. Branch-Smith, Inc., 120 St. Louis Avenue,
Ft. Worth, TX 76104. (817) 332-8236. Monthly. (ISSN
0744-8988). NAL Call No.: SB415.G744
GROWER TALKS. Grower Talks, P.O. Box 532, North River Lane,
Suite 206, Geneva, IL 60134. (312) 208-9350. Monthly.
(August issue: FLORAL GROWER DIRECTORY). (ISSN 0276-9433).
NAL Call No.: 80.G91
MICHIGAN FLORIST. Michigan State Florists' Association, 2420
Science Parkway, Okemos, MI 48864. (517) 349-5754. Bimonthly.
(ISSN 0026-217X).
NURSERY BUSINESS. Brantwood Publications, Inc., Northwood Plaza
Station, Clearwater, FL 34621-0360. (813) 796-3877. Monthly.
(ISSN 0029-6406). NAL Call No.: 80.So827
NURSERY MANAGER. Branch-Smith Publishing, 120 St. Louis Avenue,
Fort Worth, TX 76104. (817) 332-8236. Monthly. (September
issue: ALL-INDUSTRY BUYERS' GUIDE). (ISSN 0746-973X). NAL Call
No.: SB1.N86
OHIO FLORISTS' ASSOCIATION. BULLETIN. Ohio Florists'
Association, 700 Ackerman Road, No. 230, Columbus, OH 43202.
(614) 488-1867. Monthly. (ISSN 0030-090X).
SAF. Society of American Florists, 1601 Duke Street,
Alexandria, VA 22314. (800) 336-4743 or (703) 8836-8700.
Monthly. (ISSN 0747-1408). NAL Call No.: SB443.3.S4
ASSOCIATIONS, ORGANIZATIONS AND AGENCIES
American Floral Marketing Council. c/o Society of American
Florists, 1601 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. (703)
836-8700.
Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers. P.O. Box 2796,
Friday Harbor, WA 98250. (206) 378-3760.
Color Association of the United States. 343 Lexington Avenue,
New York, NY 10016. (212) 683-9531.
Floral Marketing Division, Produce Marketing Association. 1500
Casho Mill Road, P.O. Box 6036, Newark, DE 19714. (302)
738-7100.
Florists' Transworld Delivery Association. 29200 Northwestern
Highway, Southfield, MI 48037. (313) 355-9300.
Society of American Florists, 1601 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA
22314. (703) 836-8700.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service,
Agricultural Information and Marketing Services, Room 4649, South
Building, 14th & Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C.
20250. (202) 447-7103 or (800) FAS-AIMS.
Wholesale Florists & Florist Suppliers of America. 5313 Lee
Highway, Arlington, VA 22207. (703) 241-1100.
November 1989 Prepared by: Carol Kopolow
Librarian
Reference Branch
National Agricultural Library
Beltsville, MD 20705
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