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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Info on Making a Fire ]
[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Bomb ]
[x]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
[ ]College [x]Misc [ ]
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Sec. V No. 4 Gelled Flame Fuels
Gelled or paste type fuels are often preferable to raw gasoline for
use in incendiary devices such as fire bottles (Molotov cocktails). This
type fuel adheres more readily to the target and produces greater heat
concentration.
Several methods are shown for gelling gasoline using commonly
available materials. The methods are divided into the following categories
based on the gelling agent:
4.1 Lye System
4.2 Lye-Alcohol System
4.3 Soap-Alcohol Systems
4.4 Egg White System
4.5 Latex System
4.6 Wax System
4.7 Animal Blood System
From the Improvised Munitions Handbook
Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia
Sec. V No. 4.1 Lye System
Gelled Flame Fuel
Lye (also known as caustic soda or sodium hydroxide) can be used in
combination with powdered rosin or castor oil to gel gasoline for use as a
flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.
Note: This fuel is unsuitable for use in the chemical self-
igniting (sulfuric acid) type of fire bottle (Sec V No 1). The
acid will react with the lye and break down the gel.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Parts by volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
--------------- ---------- -------- -------------
60 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas Station
or motor vehicle
2 (flake) Lye Drain cleaner, food/drug store
1 (powder) making soap
15 Rosin making paint naval stores
and varnish paint factory
or
Castor Oil medicine food/drug store
PROCEDURE:
CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when
mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING!
1 - Pour gasoline into a jar, bottle, or other container. (DO NOT USE AN
ALUMINUM CONTAINER!)
2 - If rosin is in cake form, cut into small pieces
3 - Add rosin or castor oil to the gasoline and stir for about five (5)
minutes to mix thoroughly.
4 - In a second container (NOT ALUMINUM) add lye to an equal volume of
water slowly while stirring constantly.
CAUTION: Lye solution can burn skin and destroy clothing. If any
is spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water.
5 - Add lye solution to the gasoline mix and stir until mixture thickens
(about 1 minute)
The mixture will eventually thicken into a very firm paste which
can be thinned, if desired, by stirring in additional gasoline.
Sec. V No. 4.2 Lye-Alcohol System
Gelled Flame Fuel
Lye (also known as caustic soda or sodium hydroxide) can be used in
combination with alcohol and any of several fats to gel gasoline for use as
a flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.
Note: This fuel is unsuitable for use in the chemical self-
igniting (sulfuric acid) type of fire bottle (Sec V No 1). The
acid will react with the lye and break down the gel.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Parts by volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
--------------- ---------- -------- -------------
60 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas Station
or motor vehicle
2 (flake) Lye Drain cleaner, drug store
1 (powder) making soap food store
2 Ethyl Alcohol liquor liquor store
medicine drug store
NOTE: Methyl (wood) alcohol or isopropyl alcohol can be
substituted for ethyl alcohol, but their use produces softer gels.
14 Tallow food Fat rendered by
making soap cooking the meat
or suet of animals
NOTE: The following can be substituted for tallow:
(a) Lanolin (very good) woolgrease -- fat extracted from
sheep's wool
(b) Castor Oil (good)
(c) Any vegetable oil (corn, cottonseed, peanut, etc.)
(d) Any fish oil
(e) Butter or margarine
It ia necessary when using substitutes (c) to (e) to double the
given amount of lye and fat for satisfactory thickening.
PROCEDURE:
CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when
mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING!
1- Pour gasoline into bottle, jar or other container. (DO NOT USE AN
ALUMINUM CONTAINER!)
2- Add Tallow (or substitute) to the gasoline and stir for 30 seconds to
dissolve fat completely
3- Add alcohol to the gas/fat mixture
4 - In a second container (NOT ALUMINUM) add lye to an equal volume of
water slowly while stirring constantly.
CAUTION: Lye solution can burn skin and destroy clothing. If any
is spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water.
5 - Add lye solution to the gasoline mix and stir until mixture thickens
(about 30 minutes)
The mixture will eventually (1 to 2 days) thicken into a very firm
paste which can be thinned, if desired, by stirring in additional
gasoline.
Sec. V No. 4.3 Soap-Alcohol System
Gelled Flame Fuel
Material Required:
Parts by
Volume Ingredient How Used Common Sources
-------- ---------- -------- --------------
36 Gasoline Motor fuel Gas station, Motor vehicles
1 Ethyl Alcohol Liquor Liquor store
medicine Drug store
NOTE: Methyl (wood) or Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohols can de
substituted for ethyl alcohol.
20 (powder) Laundry Soap Washing Stores, homes
28 (flake) of clothes
NOTE: Unless the word "SOAP" actually appears somewhere on the
container or wrapper, a washing powder is probably a detergent.
DETERGENTS CAN NOT BE USED.
PROCEDURE:
CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when
mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING!
1- If bar soap is used, carve into thin flakes with a knife or grate with
a cheese grater.
2- Pour gasoline and alcohol into a bottle, jar or other container and mix
thoroughly.
3- Add soap to gasoline-alcohol mixture and stir occasionally until
thickened (about 15 minutes).
Sec V No. 4.4 Egg System
Gelled Flame Fuel
The white of any bird egg can be used to thicken gasoline for use as a
flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.
Materials Required:
Parts by
Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
------ ---------- -------- -------------
85 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas stations, motor vehicles
14 Egg whites food, industry food stores, farms
Any one of the following:
1 Table salt food, industry food stores, hardware stores,
seawater, brine
3 Ground coffee food food store, coffee plant
3 Dry tea leaves food food store, tea plant
3 Cocoa food food store, cacao tree
2 Sugar food, industry food store, food processing,
sugar cane
1 Saltpeter medicine, ex- Drug store, natural deposits
(potassium plosives, pyro-
nitrate) technics, matches
1 Epsom salts medicine drug/food store, natural deposits
2 Washing soda washing cleaner drug/food store
(sal soda) medicine photo supply store
photography
1 1/2 Baking Soda baking, medicine drug/food stores
(sodium bicarbonate)
1 1/2 Aspirin medicine drug/food store
(acetylsalicylic acid)
PROCEDURE:
CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when mixing
flame fuels. NO SMOKING!
1- Separate egg whites from yolk. There is a simple kitchen tool to do
this, or break the egg into a bowl and gently lift out the yolk with a
spoon.
NOTE: Do not mix ANY of the yellow yolk in with the clear white.
If yolk contaminates the white, discard the egg.
2- Pour egg into a jar, bottle, or other container and add gasoline.
3- Add the salt (or other additive) to the gas/egg mixture and stir
occasionally until gel forms (5-10 minutes)
NOTE: A thicker gelled flame fuel can be formed by putting the
covered container in a bath of hot (65јC/145јF) water for about
1/2 hour and then cooling to room temperature. (DO NOT HEAT THE
GELLED FUEL CONTAINING COFFEE)
Sec. V No. 4.5 Latex System
Gelled Flame Fuel
Any milky white plant fluid is a potential source of latex which can be
used to gel gasoline.
Materials Required:
Ingredient How Used Common Source
---------- -------- -------------
Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas stations,
motor vehicles
Latex paints, adhesives Rubber cement
(commercial or natural) Tree or plant
paint factory
Acid- 1 of:
Acetic Acid food, photography Food store
(vinegar) Photo supplies
hard cider
Sulfuric acid Storage batteries Motor Vehicles
(Oil of Vitriol) Industry Industrial plants
Hydrochloric acid Metal pickling, Hardware stores
(Muriatic acid) cleaning, industry Industrial plants
NOTE: If acids are unavailable, use acid salt (alum, sulfates and
chlorides rather than sodium or potassium). The formic acid from
crushed red ants can be used.
Procedure: With commercial rubber latex-
1- Mix 92 parts by volume gasoline and 7 parts latex in a jar, bottle or
other container. Mix thoroughly.
2- Add 1 part by volume acid and stir or shake until gel forms.
With Natural Latex:
1- Natural latex should form lumps as it comes from the plant. If lumps do
not form, add a small amount of acid to the latex. Strain off the lumps
and allow to dry in air.
2- Place 20 parts by volume latex in a jar and add 80 parts gasoline.
Cover and wait until latex lumps swell to form a gelatinous mass (2-3
days).
Sec. V No. 4.6 Wax System
Gelled Flame Fuel
Any of several common waxes can be used to gel gasoline for use as a
flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.
Materials Required:
Parts by
Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
------ ---------- -------- -------------
80 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas stations, motor vehicles
20 Any of the following:
Ozocerite leather polish natural deposits
Mineral wax sealing wax hardware store
Ceresin wax candles general store
fossil wax crayons department store
waxed paper
home canning
Beeswax candles beehive honeycomb
wax fruit Apiary supplies
floor waxes general store
textile finish department store
Bayberry wax candles natural form
Myrtle wax soaps Myrica berries
medicines drug store
leather polish general store
Procedure:
1- Natural Sources - Plants and berries are potential sources of waxes.
Place the plants and/or berries in boiling water. The wax will melt and
rise to the surface. Let the water cool and skim off the now hardened
wax.
2- Melt the wax and pour it into a jar or bottle which is in a hot water
bath.
3- Add the gasoline and stir to mix in the wax.
4- When the wax has completely dissolved in gasoline, allow the water bath
to slowly cool to room temperature.
5- If a gel does not form, add additional wax, up to 40% by volume. If no
gel forms with 40% wax, make a lye solution by dissolving a small
amount of lye (sodium hydroxide) in an equal amount of water. Add this
solution (1/2% by volume) to the gas/wax mixture and shake or stir
until the mixture gels.
Sec. V No. 4.7 Animal Blood System
Gelled Flame Fuel
Animal blood can be used to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel which
will adhere to target surfaces.
Materials Required:
Parts by
Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
------ ---------- -------- -------------
68 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas stations, motor vehicles
30 Blood food Slaughterhouse, wild animals
Serum medicine Hospitals
2 Any one of the following:
salt
ground coffee
dry tea leaves
sugar
baking soda
epsom salts
lime mortar Hardware/garden store
plaster drug store
medicine from calcium carbonate
Procedure:
Preparation of animal blood serum: Hang animal over pail or tub. Slit
animal's throat by jugular vein and allow to drain into pail. Let the
blood sit until it gets lumpy (coagulated). Place lumpy blood in a
cloth or on a screen and collect the red fluid (serum) which drains
through. Store this in a cool place if possible
CAUTION: Do not get aged animal blood or serum into an open cut.
This may cause infections.
1- Pour blood serum into a jar, bottle , or other container and add
gasoline.
2- Add the salt (or other additive) and stir until a gel forms.
Sec. V No. 1 Chemical Fire Bottle
This incendiary bottle is self-igniting on impact
(The advantage of a self-igniting flame bottle is that there is no
flame trail leading back to the thrower. Hostile forces thus have
some difficulty spotting the source of the device.)
Materials Required:
How Used Common Sources
-------- --------------
Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station, motor vehicles
Sulfuric acid Batteries Motor vehicles
Material Pro- Industrial plants
cessing
Potassium Chlorate Medicine Drug store
Sugar Sweetener Food stores
Glass bottle with stopper, cap, or cork (approx 1 litre size)
Small bottle or jar with lid
Rag or absorbent paper (paper towel, newspaper)
String or rubber bands
Procedure:
1- Sulfuric Acid must be concentrated. If battery acid or other dilute
acid is used, concentrate it by boiling until dense white fumes are
given off. Use enamelware or ovenproof glass container, not metal and
especially not aluminum.
DANGER: Acid will burn skin and destroy clothing. If any is
spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water.
Fumes are also dangerous and must not be inhaled.
2- Remove the acid from heat and allow to cool to room temperature.
3- Pour gasoline into the large bottle until it is approximately 2/3 full.
4- Add concentrated sulfuric acid until the bottle is filled to within 2-5
cm from the top (1-2 in.). Cap the bottle securely.
5- Wash the outside of the bottle thoroughly with clear water.
CAUTION: If the bottle is not thoroughly washed, it may be
dangerous to handle during use.
6- Wrap a clean cloth or several layers of absorbent paper around the
outside of the bottle. Tie with string or fasten with rubber
bands.
7- Dissolve 100g (1/2 cup) of potassium chlorate and 100g (1/2 cup) sugar
in 250cc (1 cup) boiling water.
8- Allow the solution to cool, pour it into the small jar and cap tightly.
The cooled solution should be approx. 2/3 crystals and 1/3 liquid. If
there is more liquid than this, pour off excess before using.
DANGER: Do not store these two bottles together! If the solutions
mix by accident a fire will immediately result.
How To Use:
1- Shake the small bottle to mix the contents thoroughly, and pour onto
the cloth or paper around the large bottle. Bottle can be used while
the cloth or paper is wet or after it dries. After drying, however, the
sugar/potassium chlorate mixture is extremely flammable and can be
ignited by the smallest spark or flame and must be handled accordingly.
The bottle can be wrapped in plastic to delay drying.
2- Throw or launch the bottle. When the bottle breaks against a hard
surface, the fuel will ignite.